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Showing posts from October, 2025

circulatory system

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 circulatory system The circulatory system, also known as the cardiovascular system, is one of the most vital systems of the human body. Its main function is to transport blood, nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and other essential substances throughout the body. This ensures that all body cells receive the energy and nourishment they need while waste products are carried away for removal. The system is made up of three main components: the heart , the blood vessels , and the blood . The heart acts as a muscular pump that continuously circulates blood. Blood vessels, including arteries, veins, and capillaries, form a vast network of pathways that allow blood to reach every part of the body. Blood itself is the transport medium, carrying oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive system to tissues, while also removing waste like carbon dioxide and urea. The circulatory system works closely with other systems, especially the respiratory system , to exchange g...

Respiratory system

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 Respiratory system The respiratory system is one of the most essential systems of the human body, responsible for the exchange of gases that sustain life. Its primary function is to deliver oxygen (O₂) to the body’s cells and remove carbon dioxide (CO₂), a waste product of metabolism. Without this process, the body would not be able to produce the energy required for survival. The respiratory system consists of a series of organs and structures, beginning with the nose and nasal cavity , which filter, warm, and moisten the air we breathe. Air then passes through the pharynx and larynx , followed by the trachea (windpipe), which divides into the bronchi and smaller bronchioles that direct air into the lungs. Within the lungs, tiny air sacs called alveoli serve as the primary site of gas exchange, where oxygen enters the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is expelled. Breathing is controlled by the movement of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles , which create pressure changes th...

Gastrointestinal system

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Gastrointestinal system The gastrointestinal (GI) system, also known as the digestive system, is one of the most vital systems of the human body. It is responsible for breaking down the food we eat into nutrients that the body can absorb and use for energy, growth, and repair. At the same time, it eliminates undigested and waste materials to maintain a healthy internal environment. The GI system is made up of a long hollow tube starting from the mouth and ending at the anus , along with accessory organs such as the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder . Each part of the system has a specialized function: the mouth begins mechanical digestion through chewing, the stomach breaks down food using enzymes and acid, the small intestine absorbs most nutrients, and the large intestine absorbs water and forms feces. This system works through two main processes: mechanical digestion , where food is physically broken down into smaller particles, and chemical digestion , where enzymes and digestive...

Types of diseases

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Types of diseases  Diseases can be classified into two main types. Communicable Diseases  Communicable diseases are illnesses caused by infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites that can spread from one person to another, directly or indirectly. They remain a major public health concern worldwide because of their ability to spread quickly, especially in areas with poor hygiene, lack of vaccination, or overcrowding. Below are key details about communicable diseases: Cause – They are caused by pathogens including bacteria (e.g., Tuberculosis), viruses (e.g., Influenza, COVID-19), fungi (e.g., Ringworm), and parasites (e.g., Malaria). Transmission Modes – Communicable diseases spread through various ways: Direct contact (touching, kissing, sexual contact). Indirect contact (contaminated objects, surfaces). Airborne transmission (coughing, sneezing). Vector-borne (mosquitoes, ticks). Food and water contamination. Examples – Comm...

Health and illness

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 Health According to the world health organization ( WHO ) " Health is a state of complete physical mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or illness". It mean that a healthy person is the one who has these characteristics: He is free from illness. He has the ability to perform daily activities efficiently. He maintains emotional balance. He interacts positively with others. Good health depends on many factors e.g. balance diet regular exercise clean environment and access to healthcare services ( e.g. clinics hospitals) etc. Key aspects of health  Health is a combination of different aspects. These aspects are interconnected and essential for a healthy life. Physical well-being: It means the proper functioning of the  body and its system. A person with good physical health has energy for daily activities a strong immune system and no major illnesses. Physical well-being depends on balanced diet regular exercise proper rest and avoiding harmful...